Type: Perennial
Sun: Full sun to partial shade
Water Needs: Moderate; prefers consistent moisture and performs best in moist meadow or riparian conditions
Height: 3–6' tall (occasionally taller in ideal conditions)
Spread: 1–3'
Spacing: 18–24" apart
Bloom Time: June–September (mid-summer to early fall)
Bloom Description: Unusual flower heads consisting of a tall, dark purple-brown to nearly black central cone surrounded by a ring of green bracts, with no ray petals. The elongated cone contains many small disc florets and becomes taller as seeds develop.
Maintenance: Low to moderate; cut back spent stems after flowering or leave seed heads for winter interest and wildlife. Plants may be divided every few years to maintain vigor.
Soil Drainage: Moist but well-drained soils; tolerant of loam, clay, or sandy soils but prefers sites that retain some moisture such as meadows, streambanks, or low areas.
Wildlife Value: Excellent pollinator plant providing nectar and pollen for bees, butterflies, and other insects; persistent seed heads may provide food for birds later in the season.
Garden Use: Ideal for pollinator gardens, meadow plantings, rain gardens, and naturalized landscapes. Its tall stems and dramatic cone-shaped flower heads create striking vertical structure and architectural interest in native plant gardens.